Black History

Before the Bulldozer Was a Machine: A Word Born in the Violence of Reconstruction

A Word I Thought I Already Knew For most of my life, if somebody said the word bulldozer, I pictured a large piece of construction equipment. I saw a heavy tractor with a broad steel blade pushing dirt, rocks, trees, and almost anything else standing in its way. The meaning seemed obvious. A bulldozer was

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Before American Slavery: How Anti-Blackness Became a Racial System

The History Is Older, but It Is Also More Complicated When I was first taught about racism in America, slavery often appeared to be the beginning of the story. Africans were brought to America, white people enslaved them, and racism developed to justify what had been done. There is truth in part of that explanation,

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Bryan-Michael Cox: The Man Behind the Sound of a Generation

The Name Behind the Music There are people whose faces become famous, and then there are people whose work becomes famous while they remain largely behind the curtain. Bryan-Michael Cox belongs to that second group. Millions of people have heard his music without necessarily knowing his name. If you listened to R&B during the late

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Black America Kept Building While the Country Was Falling Apart

The Great Depression Was Not One Single American Experience The standard story of the 1930s usually begins with collapse. We hear about the stock market crash, failing banks, soup kitchens, Dust Bowl farms, Hoovervilles, unemployment, and families standing in bread lines. Those images are real, and the suffering was enormous. But the problem comes when

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When the Government Admits That Harm Can Require a Remedy

A Powerful Argument, but the Facts Matter When I first heard the argument about the government’s proposed Anti-Weaponization Fund, I understood immediately why somebody would connect it to the larger conversation about reparations. In May 2026, the Justice Department announced a proposed $1.776 billion fund as part of the settlement of President Donald Trump’s lawsuit

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Betty Boop, Baby Esther, and the Complicated Story Behind the “Boop”

A Story Worth Looking Beneath When I first heard the debate about Quinta Brunson possibly developing and starring in a Betty Boop movie, I was not surprised by the reaction. The discussion quickly brought the story of Baby Esther back into the spotlight. I understood why people wanted to take another look at the history

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